Publications


* selected current publications

Selected current publications

[76] Heterogeneous electrosynthesis of C–N, C–S and C–P products using CO2 as a building block

Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R) has garnered interest as a sustainable route for the production of carbon-based fuels. Against this backdrop, this perspective explores how the scope and consequent impact of CO2R can be expanded through coupling with heteroatomic co-reactants. We begin with an evaluation of societal demand for basic C-X (C-N, C-S and C-P) bond containing chemicals and a look into how they are currently synthesized. Established routes for heteroatom coupling are then contrasted with emerging electrosynthetic approaches that use CO2 as a building block, which we classify into three distinct categories. Within each identified class of electrosynthetic coupling, a critical examination pinpoints the key aspects behind the catalyst, reactor, and molecule-specific reactivity that enables the coupling pathway. The perspective is concluded with a forward-looking analysis of what catalytic chemistry needs to be developed in the context of sustainable electrosynthesis and how computational tools may accelerate the progress in a joint effort. We further discuss upcoming challenges in both system design and technoeconomic/life cycle analysis that need to be addressed as this technology matures implementation at scale. 

J. Li, H. Heidarpour, G. Gao, M. McKee, H. Bemana, Y. Zhang, C. T. Dinh*, A. Seifitokaldani*, and N. Kornienko*
Nature Synthesis - vol 3, 809-824 - 2024

[73] Hydrophobic molecular assembly at the gas-liquid-solid interface drives highly selective CO2 electromethanation

The modularity of molecular catalysts enables the tuning of both active site and peripheral units to maximize functionality, thus rendering them as ideal model systems to explore fundamental concepts in catalysis. Hydrophobicity is often regarded as an undesirable aspect that hinders their dissolution in aqueous electrolytes. In contrast, we modified established cobalt terpyridine catalysts with hydrophobic perfluorinated alkyl side chains and took advantage of their hydrophobic character by utilizing them not as dissolved species in an aqueous electrolyte but at the gas-liquid-solid interfaces on a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) applied towards the electrochemical reduction of CO2. We found that the self-assembly of these perfluorinated units on the GDE surface results in a catalytic system selective for CH4 production, whereas every other Co terpyridine catalyst reported before was only selective for CO or formate. An array of mechanistic and operando spectroscopic investigations suggests a mechanism in which the pyridine units function as proton shuttles that deliver protons to the dynamic hydrophobic pocket in which CO2 reduction takes place. Finally, optimizing the system by integrating fluorinated carbon nanotubes as a hydrophobic conductive scaffold leads to a Faradaic efficiency for CH4 production above 80% at rates above 10 mA/cm-2, thus far unprecedented for a molecular electrocatalytic system.

M. McKee, M. Kutter, D. Lentz, M. Kuehnel, N. Kornienko
Nature Chemistry 2024

[69] Electrochemical Formation of C-S Bonds from CO2 and Small Molecule Sulfur Species

The formation of C-S bonds is an important step in the synthesis of pharmaceutical, biological, and chemical products. A very attractive green route to C-S bond containing species would be one driven through electrocatalysis using abundant small molecule precursors but examples within this context are largely absent from the literature. To this end, this work demonstrates the use of CO2 and SO32- as cheap building blocks that couple on the surface Cu-based heterogeneous catalysts to form hydroxymethanesulfonate, sulfoacetate and methane sulfonate for the first time, with Faradaic efficiencies of up to 9.5%. A combination of operando measurements and computational modelling reveal that *CHOH formed on metallic Cu is a key electrophilic intermediate that is nucleophilically attacked by SO32- in the principal C-S bond forming step. In all, the proof-of-concept for electrocatalytic C-S bond formation and mechanistic insights gained stand to substantially broaden the scope of the emerging field of electrosynthesis.

J. Li, H. Al-Mahayani, D. Chartrand, A. Seifitokaldani,  N. Kornienko
Nature Synthesis vol 2, issue 8 - Aug 2023

[68] Construction of C–N bonds from small-molecule precursors through heterogeneous electrocatalysis

Energy-intensive thermochemical processes within chemical manufacturing are a major contributor to global CO2 emissions. With the increasing push for sustainability, the scientific community is striving to develop renewable energy-powered electrochemical technologies in lieu of CO2-emitting fossil-fuel-driven methods. However, to fully electrify chemical manufacturing, it is imperative to expand the scope of electrosynthetic technologies, particularly through the innovation of reactions involving nitrogen-based reactants. This Review focuses on a rapidly emerging area, namely the formation of C–N bonds through heterogeneous electrocatalysis. The C–N bond motif is found in many fertilizers (such as urea) as well as commodity and fine chemicals (with functional groups such as amines and amides). The ability to generate C–N bonds from reactants such as CO2, NO3– or N2 would provide sustainable alternatives to the thermochemical routes used at present. We start by examining thermochemical, enzymatic and molecular catalytic systems for C–N bond formation, identifying how concepts from these can be translated to heterogeneous electrocatalysis. Next, we discuss successful heterogeneous electrocatalytic systems and highlight promising research directions. Finally, we discuss the remaining questions and knowledge gaps and thus set the trajectory for future advances in heterogeneous electrocatalytic formation of C–N bonds.

J. Li, Y. Zhang, K. Kuruvinashetti  N. Kornienko
Nature Reviews Chemistry vol 6, issue 5 - May 2022

[47] Electrochemically Triggered Dynamics Within a Hybrid Metal-Organic Electrocatalyst

A wide array of systems, ranging from enzymes to synthetic catalysts, exert adaptive motifs to maximize their functionality. In a related manner, select metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and related systems exhibit structural modulations under stimuli such as the infiltration of guest species. Probing their responsive behavior in-situ is a challenging but important step towards understanding their function and subsequently building from there. In this report, we investigate the dynamic behavior of an electrocatalytic Mn-porphyrin containing MOF system (Mn-MOF). We discover, using a combination of electrochemistry and in-situ probes of UV-Vis absorption, resonance Raman and infrared spectroscopy, a restructuration of this system via a reversible cleavage of the porphyrin carboxylate ligands under an applied voltage. We further show, by combining experimental data and DFT calculations, as a proof of concept, the capacity to utilize the Mn-MOF for electrochemical CO2 fixation and to spectroscopically capture the reaction intermediates in its catalytic cycle. The findings of this work and methodology developed opens opportunities in the application of MOFs as dynamic, enzyme-inspired electrocatalytic systems.

N. Heidary, M. Morency, D. Chartrand, K. H. Ly, R. Iftimie, N. Kornienko
J. Am. Chem. Soc. vol 142, issue - 15 Jul 2020

[29] Semi-artificial photosynthesis: interfacing nature’s catalytic machinery with synthetic materials

Semi-artificial photosynthetic systems aim to overcome the limitations of natural and artificial photosynthesis while providing an opportunity to investigate their respective functionality. The progress and studies of these hybrid systems is the focus of this forward-looking perspective. In this Review, we discuss how enzymes have been interfaced with synthetic materials and employed for semi-artificial fuel production. In parallel, we examine how more complex living cellular systems can be recruited for in vivo fuel and chemical production in an approach where inorganic nanostructures are hybridized with photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic microorganisms. Side-by-side comparisons reveal strengths and limitations of enzyme- and microorganism-based hybrid systems, and how lessons extracted from studying enzyme hybrids can be applied to investigations of microorganism-hybrid devices. We conclude by putting semi-artificial photosynthesis in the context of its own ambitions and discuss how it can help address the grand challenges facing artificial systems for the efficient generation of solar fuels and chemicals.

Nikolay Kornienko, Jenny Zhang, Kelsey K. Sakimoto, Peidong Yang, Erwin Reisner
Nature Nanotechnology vol 13, issue 10 - Oct 2018